FreeRDP
keyboard.c
1 
20 #include <freerdp/config.h>
21 
22 #include <stdio.h>
23 #include <string.h>
24 #include <stdint.h>
25 
26 #include <winpr/assert.h>
27 #include <winpr/crt.h>
28 
29 #include <freerdp/utils/string.h>
30 #include <freerdp/types.h>
31 #include <freerdp/locale/keyboard.h>
32 #include <freerdp/locale/locale.h>
33 
34 #include <freerdp/log.h>
35 
36 #include "liblocale.h"
37 
38 #if defined(__MACOSX__)
39 #include "keyboard_apple.h"
40 #endif
41 
42 #define TAG FREERDP_TAG("locale.keyboard")
43 
44 #ifdef WITH_X11
45 #include "keyboard_x11.h"
46 
47 #ifdef WITH_XKBFILE
48 #include "keyboard_xkbfile.h"
49 #endif
50 
51 #endif
52 
53 static WINPR_KEYCODE_TYPE maptype = WINPR_KEYCODE_TYPE_NONE;
54 static DWORD VIRTUAL_SCANCODE_TO_X11_KEYCODE[256][2] = { 0 };
55 static DWORD X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE[256] = { 0 };
56 static DWORD REMAPPING_TABLE[0x10000] = { 0 };
57 
58 struct scancode_map_entry
59 {
60  DWORD scancode;
61  const char* name;
62 };
63 
64 static const struct scancode_map_entry RDP_SCANCODE_MAP[] = {
65  { RDP_SCANCODE_ESCAPE, "VK_ESCAPE" },
66  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_1, "VK_KEY_1" },
67  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_2, "VK_KEY_2" },
68  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_3, "VK_KEY_3" },
69  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_4, "VK_KEY_4" },
70  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_5, "VK_KEY_5" },
71  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_6, "VK_KEY_6" },
72  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_7, "VK_KEY_7" },
73  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_8, "VK_KEY_8" },
74  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_9, "VK_KEY_9" },
75  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_0, "VK_KEY_0" },
76  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_MINUS, "VK_OEM_MINUS" },
77  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_PLUS, "VK_OEM_PLUS" },
78  { RDP_SCANCODE_BACKSPACE, "VK_BACK Backspace" },
79  { RDP_SCANCODE_TAB, "VK_TAB" },
80  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_Q, "VK_KEY_Q" },
81  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_W, "VK_KEY_W" },
82  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_E, "VK_KEY_E" },
83  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_R, "VK_KEY_R" },
84  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_T, "VK_KEY_T" },
85  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_Y, "VK_KEY_Y" },
86  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_U, "VK_KEY_U" },
87  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_I, "VK_KEY_I" },
88  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_O, "VK_KEY_O" },
89  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_P, "VK_KEY_P" },
90  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_4, "VK_OEM_4 '[' on US" },
91  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_6, "VK_OEM_6 ']' on US" },
92  { RDP_SCANCODE_RETURN, "VK_RETURN Normal Enter" },
93  { RDP_SCANCODE_LCONTROL, "VK_LCONTROL" },
94  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_A, "VK_KEY_A" },
95  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_S, "VK_KEY_S" },
96  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_D, "VK_KEY_D" },
97  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_F, "VK_KEY_F" },
98  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_G, "VK_KEY_G" },
99  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_H, "VK_KEY_H" },
100  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_J, "VK_KEY_J" },
101  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_K, "VK_KEY_K" },
102  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_L, "VK_KEY_L" },
103  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_1, "VK_OEM_1 ';' on US" },
104  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_7, "VK_OEM_7 on US" },
105  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_3, "VK_OEM_3 Top left, '`' on US, JP DBE_SBCSCHAR" },
106  { RDP_SCANCODE_LSHIFT, "VK_LSHIFT" },
107  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_5, "VK_OEM_5 Next to Enter, '\' on US" },
108  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_Z, "VK_KEY_Z" },
109  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_X, "VK_KEY_X" },
110  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_C, "VK_KEY_C" },
111  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_V, "VK_KEY_V" },
112  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_B, "VK_KEY_B" },
113  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_N, "VK_KEY_N" },
114  { RDP_SCANCODE_KEY_M, "VK_KEY_M" },
115  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_COMMA, "VK_OEM_COMMA" },
116  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_PERIOD, "VK_OEM_PERIOD" },
117  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_2, "VK_OEM_2 '/' on US" },
118  { RDP_SCANCODE_RSHIFT, "VK_RSHIFT" },
119  { RDP_SCANCODE_MULTIPLY, "VK_MULTIPLY Numerical" },
120  { RDP_SCANCODE_LMENU, "VK_LMENU Left 'Alt' key" },
121  { RDP_SCANCODE_SPACE, "VK_SPACE" },
122  { RDP_SCANCODE_CAPSLOCK, "VK_CAPITAL 'Caps Lock', JP DBE_ALPHANUMERIC" },
123  { RDP_SCANCODE_F1, "VK_F1" },
124  { RDP_SCANCODE_F2, "VK_F2" },
125  { RDP_SCANCODE_F3, "VK_F3" },
126  { RDP_SCANCODE_F4, "VK_F4" },
127  { RDP_SCANCODE_F5, "VK_F5" },
128  { RDP_SCANCODE_F6, "VK_F6" },
129  { RDP_SCANCODE_F7, "VK_F7" },
130  { RDP_SCANCODE_F8, "VK_F8" },
131  { RDP_SCANCODE_F9, "VK_F9" },
132  { RDP_SCANCODE_F10, "VK_F10" },
133  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMLOCK, "VK_NUMLOCK" },
134  { RDP_SCANCODE_SCROLLLOCK, "VK_SCROLL 'Scroll Lock', JP OEM_SCROLL" },
135  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMPAD7, "VK_NUMPAD7" },
136  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMPAD8, "VK_NUMPAD8" },
137  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMPAD9, "VK_NUMPAD9" },
138  { RDP_SCANCODE_SUBTRACT, "VK_SUBTRACT" },
139  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMPAD4, "VK_NUMPAD4" },
140  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMPAD5, "VK_NUMPAD5" },
141  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMPAD6, "VK_NUMPAD6" },
142  { RDP_SCANCODE_ADD, "VK_ADD" },
143  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMPAD1, "VK_NUMPAD1" },
144  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMPAD2, "VK_NUMPAD2" },
145  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMPAD3, "VK_NUMPAD3" },
146  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMPAD0, "VK_NUMPAD0" },
147  { RDP_SCANCODE_DECIMAL, "VK_DECIMAL Numerical, '.' on US" },
148  { RDP_SCANCODE_SYSREQ, "Sys Req" },
149  { RDP_SCANCODE_OEM_102, "VK_OEM_102 Lower left '\' on US" },
150  { RDP_SCANCODE_F11, "VK_F11" },
151  { RDP_SCANCODE_F12, "VK_F12" },
152  { RDP_SCANCODE_SLEEP, "VK_SLEEP OEM_8 on FR (undocumented?)" },
153  { RDP_SCANCODE_ZOOM, "VK_ZOOM (undocumented?)" },
154  { RDP_SCANCODE_HELP, "VK_HELP (undocumented?)" },
155  { RDP_SCANCODE_F13, "VK_F13" },
156  { RDP_SCANCODE_F14, "VK_F14" },
157  { RDP_SCANCODE_F15, "VK_F15" },
158  { RDP_SCANCODE_F16, "VK_F16" },
159  { RDP_SCANCODE_F17, "VK_F17" },
160  { RDP_SCANCODE_F18, "VK_F18" },
161  { RDP_SCANCODE_F19, "VK_F19" },
162  { RDP_SCANCODE_F20, "VK_F20" },
163  { RDP_SCANCODE_F21, "VK_F21" },
164  { RDP_SCANCODE_F22, "VK_F22" },
165  { RDP_SCANCODE_F23, "VK_F23" },
166  { RDP_SCANCODE_F24, "VK_F24" },
167  { RDP_SCANCODE_HIRAGANA, "JP DBE_HIRAGANA" },
168  { RDP_SCANCODE_HANJA_KANJI, "VK_HANJA / VK_KANJI (undocumented?)" },
169  { RDP_SCANCODE_KANA_HANGUL, "VK_KANA / VK_HANGUL (undocumented?)" },
170  { RDP_SCANCODE_ABNT_C1, "VK_ABNT_C1 JP OEM_102" },
171  { RDP_SCANCODE_F24_JP, "JP F24" },
172  { RDP_SCANCODE_CONVERT_JP, "JP VK_CONVERT" },
173  { RDP_SCANCODE_NONCONVERT_JP, "JP VK_NONCONVERT" },
174  { RDP_SCANCODE_TAB_JP, "JP TAB" },
175  { RDP_SCANCODE_BACKSLASH_JP, "JP OEM_5 ('\')" },
176  { RDP_SCANCODE_ABNT_C2, "VK_ABNT_C2, JP" },
177  { RDP_SCANCODE_HANJA, "KR VK_HANJA" },
178  { RDP_SCANCODE_HANGUL, "KR VK_HANGUL" },
179  { RDP_SCANCODE_RETURN_KP, "not RDP_SCANCODE_RETURN Numerical Enter" },
180  { RDP_SCANCODE_RCONTROL, "VK_RCONTROL" },
181  { RDP_SCANCODE_DIVIDE, "VK_DIVIDE Numerical" },
182  { RDP_SCANCODE_PRINTSCREEN, "VK_EXECUTE/VK_PRINT/VK_SNAPSHOT Print Screen" },
183  { RDP_SCANCODE_RMENU, "VK_RMENU Right 'Alt' / 'Alt Gr'" },
184  { RDP_SCANCODE_PAUSE, "VK_PAUSE Pause / Break (Slightly special handling)" },
185  { RDP_SCANCODE_HOME, "VK_HOME" },
186  { RDP_SCANCODE_UP, "VK_UP" },
187  { RDP_SCANCODE_PRIOR, "VK_PRIOR 'Page Up'" },
188  { RDP_SCANCODE_LEFT, "VK_LEFT" },
189  { RDP_SCANCODE_RIGHT, "VK_RIGHT" },
190  { RDP_SCANCODE_END, "VK_END" },
191  { RDP_SCANCODE_DOWN, "VK_DOWN" },
192  { RDP_SCANCODE_NEXT, "VK_NEXT 'Page Down'" },
193  { RDP_SCANCODE_INSERT, "VK_INSERT" },
194  { RDP_SCANCODE_DELETE, "VK_DELETE" },
195  { RDP_SCANCODE_NULL, "<00>" },
196  { RDP_SCANCODE_HELP2, "Help - documented, different from VK_HELP" },
197  { RDP_SCANCODE_LWIN, "VK_LWIN" },
198  { RDP_SCANCODE_RWIN, "VK_RWIN" },
199  { RDP_SCANCODE_APPS, "VK_APPS Application" },
200  { RDP_SCANCODE_POWER_JP, "JP POWER" },
201  { RDP_SCANCODE_SLEEP_JP, "JP SLEEP" },
202  { RDP_SCANCODE_NUMLOCK_EXTENDED, "should be RDP_SCANCODE_NUMLOCK" },
203  { RDP_SCANCODE_RSHIFT_EXTENDED, "should be RDP_SCANCODE_RSHIFT" },
204  { RDP_SCANCODE_VOLUME_MUTE, "VK_VOLUME_MUTE" },
205  { RDP_SCANCODE_VOLUME_DOWN, "VK_VOLUME_DOWN" },
206  { RDP_SCANCODE_VOLUME_UP, "VK_VOLUME_UP" },
207  { RDP_SCANCODE_MEDIA_NEXT_TRACK, "VK_MEDIA_NEXT_TRACK" },
208  { RDP_SCANCODE_MEDIA_PREV_TRACK, "VK_MEDIA_PREV_TRACK" },
209  { RDP_SCANCODE_MEDIA_STOP, "VK_MEDIA_MEDIA_STOP" },
210  { RDP_SCANCODE_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE, "VK_MEDIA_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE" },
211  { RDP_SCANCODE_BROWSER_BACK, "VK_BROWSER_BACK" },
212  { RDP_SCANCODE_BROWSER_FORWARD, "VK_BROWSER_FORWARD" },
213  { RDP_SCANCODE_BROWSER_REFRESH, "VK_BROWSER_REFRESH" },
214  { RDP_SCANCODE_BROWSER_STOP, "VK_BROWSER_STOP" },
215  { RDP_SCANCODE_BROWSER_SEARCH, "VK_BROWSER_SEARCH" },
216  { RDP_SCANCODE_BROWSER_FAVORITES, "VK_BROWSER_FAVORITES" },
217  { RDP_SCANCODE_BROWSER_HOME, "VK_BROWSER_HOME" },
218  { RDP_SCANCODE_LAUNCH_MAIL, "VK_LAUNCH_MAIL" },
219  { RDP_SCANCODE_LAUNCH_MEDIA_SELECT, "VK_LAUNCH_MEDIA_SELECT" },
220  { RDP_SCANCODE_LAUNCH_APP1, "VK_LAUNCH_APP1" },
221  { RDP_SCANCODE_LAUNCH_APP2, "VK_LAUNCH_APP2" },
222 };
223 
224 static int freerdp_detect_keyboard(DWORD* keyboardLayoutId)
225 {
226 #if defined(_WIN32)
227  CHAR name[KL_NAMELENGTH + 1] = { 0 };
228  if (GetKeyboardLayoutNameA(name))
229  {
230  ULONG rc;
231 
232  errno = 0;
233  rc = strtoul(name, NULL, 16);
234  if (errno == 0)
235  *keyboardLayoutId = rc;
236  }
237 
238  if (*keyboardLayoutId == 0)
239  *keyboardLayoutId = ((DWORD)GetKeyboardLayout(0) >> 16) & 0x0000FFFF;
240 #endif
241 
242 #if defined(__MACOSX__)
243  if (*keyboardLayoutId == 0)
244  freerdp_detect_keyboard_layout_from_cf(keyboardLayoutId);
245 #endif
246 
247 #ifdef WITH_X11
248  if (*keyboardLayoutId == 0)
249  freerdp_detect_keyboard_layout_from_xkb(keyboardLayoutId);
250 #endif
251 
252  if (*keyboardLayoutId == 0)
253  freerdp_detect_keyboard_layout_from_system_locale(keyboardLayoutId);
254 
255  if (*keyboardLayoutId == 0)
256  *keyboardLayoutId = ENGLISH_UNITED_STATES;
257 
258  return 0;
259 }
260 
261 static int freerdp_keyboard_init_apple(const DWORD* keyboardLayoutId,
262  DWORD* x11_keycode_to_rdp_scancode, size_t count)
263 {
264  WINPR_ASSERT(x11_keycode_to_rdp_scancode);
265  WINPR_ASSERT(keyboardLayoutId);
266  WINPR_ASSERT(count <= UINT32_MAX);
267  for (size_t keycode = 8; keycode < count; keycode++)
268  {
269  const DWORD vkcode =
270  GetVirtualKeyCodeFromKeycode((UINT32)keycode - 8u, WINPR_KEYCODE_TYPE_APPLE);
271  x11_keycode_to_rdp_scancode[keycode] =
272  GetVirtualScanCodeFromVirtualKeyCode(vkcode, WINPR_KBD_TYPE_IBM_ENHANCED);
273  }
274 
275  maptype = WINPR_KEYCODE_TYPE_APPLE;
276  return 0;
277 }
278 
279 static int freerdp_keyboard_init_x11_evdev(const DWORD* keyboardLayoutId,
280  DWORD* x11_keycode_to_rdp_scancode, size_t count)
281 {
282  WINPR_ASSERT(keyboardLayoutId);
283  WINPR_ASSERT(x11_keycode_to_rdp_scancode);
284  WINPR_ASSERT(count <= UINT32_MAX);
285 
286  for (size_t keycode = 0; keycode < count; keycode++)
287  {
288  const DWORD vkcode =
289  GetVirtualKeyCodeFromKeycode((UINT32)keycode, WINPR_KEYCODE_TYPE_EVDEV);
290  x11_keycode_to_rdp_scancode[keycode] =
291  GetVirtualScanCodeFromVirtualKeyCode(vkcode, WINPR_KBD_TYPE_IBM_ENHANCED);
292  }
293  maptype = WINPR_KEYCODE_TYPE_EVDEV;
294 
295  return 0;
296 }
297 
298 DWORD freerdp_keyboard_init(DWORD keyboardLayoutId)
299 {
300  int status = -1;
301 
302 #if defined(__APPLE__)
303  if (status < 0)
304  status = freerdp_keyboard_init_apple(&keyboardLayoutId, X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE,
305  ARRAYSIZE(X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE));
306 #endif
307 
308 #if defined(WITH_X11) || defined(WITH_WAYLAND)
309 
310 #ifdef WITH_XKBFILE
311  if (status < 0)
312  {
313  status = freerdp_keyboard_init_xkbfile(&keyboardLayoutId, X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE,
314  ARRAYSIZE(X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE));
315  if (status >= 0)
316  maptype = WINPR_KEYCODE_TYPE_XKB;
317  }
318 #endif
319 
320  if (status < 0)
321  status = freerdp_keyboard_init_x11_evdev(&keyboardLayoutId, X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE,
322  ARRAYSIZE(X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE));
323 
324 #endif
325 
326  if (status < 0)
327  WLog_DBG(TAG, "Platform keyboard detection failed, trying autodetection");
328 
329  freerdp_detect_keyboard(&keyboardLayoutId);
330 
331  ZeroMemory(VIRTUAL_SCANCODE_TO_X11_KEYCODE, sizeof(VIRTUAL_SCANCODE_TO_X11_KEYCODE));
332 
333  WINPR_STATIC_ASSERT(ARRAYSIZE(VIRTUAL_SCANCODE_TO_X11_KEYCODE) <= UINT32_MAX);
334  for (size_t keycode = 0; keycode < ARRAYSIZE(VIRTUAL_SCANCODE_TO_X11_KEYCODE); keycode++)
335  {
336  const DWORD x11 = X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE[keycode];
337  const DWORD sc = RDP_SCANCODE_CODE(x11);
338  const BOOL ex = RDP_SCANCODE_EXTENDED(x11);
339  VIRTUAL_SCANCODE_TO_X11_KEYCODE[sc][ex ? 1 : 0] = (UINT32)keycode;
340  }
341 
342  return keyboardLayoutId;
343 }
344 
345 DWORD freerdp_keyboard_init_ex(DWORD keyboardLayoutId, const char* keyboardRemappingList)
346 {
347  DWORD res = freerdp_keyboard_init(keyboardLayoutId);
348 
349  memset(REMAPPING_TABLE, 0, sizeof(REMAPPING_TABLE));
350  if (keyboardRemappingList)
351  {
352  char* copy = _strdup(keyboardRemappingList);
353  char* context = NULL;
354  char* token = NULL;
355  if (!copy)
356  goto fail;
357  token = strtok_s(copy, ",", &context);
358  while (token)
359  {
360  DWORD key = 0;
361  DWORD value = 0;
362  if (!freerdp_extract_key_value(token, &key, &value))
363  goto fail;
364  if (key >= ARRAYSIZE(REMAPPING_TABLE))
365  goto fail;
366  REMAPPING_TABLE[key] = value;
367  token = strtok_s(NULL, ",", &context);
368  }
369  fail:
370  free(copy);
371  }
372  return res;
373 }
374 
375 DWORD freerdp_keyboard_get_rdp_scancode_from_x11_keycode(DWORD keycode)
376 {
377  if (keycode >= ARRAYSIZE(X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE))
378  {
379  WLog_ERR(TAG, "KeyCode %" PRIu32 " exceeds allowed value range [0,%" PRIuz "]", keycode,
380  ARRAYSIZE(X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE));
381  return 0;
382  }
383 
384  const DWORD scancode = X11_KEYCODE_TO_VIRTUAL_SCANCODE[keycode];
385  if (scancode >= ARRAYSIZE(REMAPPING_TABLE))
386  {
387  WLog_ERR(TAG, "ScanCode %" PRIu32 " exceeds allowed value range [0,%" PRIuz "]", scancode,
388  ARRAYSIZE(REMAPPING_TABLE));
389  return 0;
390  }
391 
392  const DWORD remapped = REMAPPING_TABLE[scancode];
393 #if defined(WITH_DEBUG_KBD)
394  const BOOL ex = RDP_SCANCODE_EXTENDED(scancode);
395  const DWORD sc = RDP_SCANCODE_CODE(scancode);
396 #endif
397 
398  DEBUG_KBD("x11 keycode: %02" PRIX32 " -> rdp code: [%04" PRIx16 "] %02" PRIX8 "%s", keycode,
399  scancode, sc, ex ? " extended" : "");
400 
401  if (remapped != 0)
402  {
403 #if defined(WITH_DEBUG_KBD)
404  const DWORD rsc = RDP_SCANCODE_CODE(remapped);
405  const BOOL rex = RDP_SCANCODE_EXTENDED(remapped);
406 #endif
407 
408  DEBUG_KBD("remapped scancode: [%04" PRIx16 "] %02" PRIX8 "[%s] -> [%04" PRIx16 "] %02" PRIX8
409  "[%s]",
410  scancode, sc, ex ? " extended" : "", remapped, rsc, rex ? " extended" : "");
411  return remapped;
412  }
413  return scancode;
414 }
415 
416 DWORD freerdp_keyboard_get_x11_keycode_from_rdp_scancode(DWORD scancode, BOOL extended)
417 {
418  if (scancode >= ARRAYSIZE(VIRTUAL_SCANCODE_TO_X11_KEYCODE))
419  {
420  WLog_ERR(TAG, "ScanCode %" PRIu32 " exceeds allowed value range [0,%" PRIuz "]", scancode,
421  ARRAYSIZE(VIRTUAL_SCANCODE_TO_X11_KEYCODE));
422  return 0;
423  }
424 
425  const DWORD* x11 = VIRTUAL_SCANCODE_TO_X11_KEYCODE[scancode];
426  WINPR_ASSERT(x11);
427 
428  if (extended)
429  return x11[1];
430  else
431  return x11[0];
432 }
433 
434 const char* freerdp_keyboard_scancode_name(DWORD scancode)
435 {
436  for (size_t x = 0; x < ARRAYSIZE(RDP_SCANCODE_MAP); x++)
437  {
438  const struct scancode_map_entry* entry = &RDP_SCANCODE_MAP[x];
439  if (entry->scancode == scancode)
440  return entry->name;
441  }
442 
443  return NULL;
444 }